「不該再幫富人減稅了」,這句話不是我們說的,而是諾貝爾經濟學獎得主克魯曼(Paul Krugman)日前在他的紐約時報專欄中所呼籲的。美國布希政府時代實施了大規模的減稅方案,給予有錢人許多租稅減免的好處,造成政府財政赤字不斷擴大。歐巴馬上台後,雖急欲收拾這個爛攤子,但卻遭逢金融海嘯衝擊,難以立即著手改革。如今經濟危機逐漸平息,原來強調減稅增支的財政政策面臨退場的檢討,正好讓歐巴馬政府有機會重新把財政失衡問題端上檯面,並對布希時代所殘留下來的減免稅措施做一番徹底的檢視。
美國有二大主要政黨,民主黨與共和黨,其財經政策的理念與主張極不相同。前者傾向於「大政府」的觀念,強調以政府的積極性作為,管制社會資源的配置與使用,維護總體經濟的穩定;後者則偏向於「小政府」的概念,強調政府的消極性功能,尊重市場機制,約制政府政策的不當干預。如果以意識型態的光譜區分,民主黨的主張比較左派,共和黨則比較右派;如果以福利價值的面向區分,民主黨比較重公平分配,共和黨則比較重資源效率。因此,在租稅與財政議題上,當民主黨執政時,會主張對富人多課稅,追求租稅公平,並容忍政府預算赤字擴大,以刺激或穩定經濟。相反地,當共和黨執政時,則會主張對富人減稅,以鼓勵投資、創造所得,並篤信拉佛曲線(Laffer Curve)效果最終可以促使財政收支平衡。諷刺的是,近20年來卻都是民主黨在幫共和黨解決財政窟窿的問題;以前是柯林頓幫雷根善後,現在則是歐巴馬在幫布希擦屁股。
我國也是二大主要政黨,國民黨與民進黨,但在財經政策理念上卻甚難區分出其主張的差異。兩個政黨都是選舉亂開支票,選後拚命舉債,置國家財政與租稅公平的惡化於不顧。政府預算失衡永遠只是在野黨用以抨擊執政黨施政績效不彰的工具,但政黨輪替,執政在野身分互換後,所有當初執政時被對手用來批判的語言與內容,都可以用來還擊原來的在野黨。弔詭的是,指責別人的「現在」即如同在批評自己的「過去」。如此不斷惡性循環下去,國家財政與租稅的健全改革當永無希望。
前陣子兩項政府機關公布的資訊出爐,引起輿論譁然。一是行政院主計處的家庭收支調查報告,98年最高與最低五等分家庭可支配所得的差距擴大至8.22倍,創歷史新高;另一是財政部財稅資料中心統計,97年20等分綜所稅申報戶之平均所得高低差距拉大至近66倍,亦是史上之最。這種所得分配惡化的現象,已經變成一種無法回轉的趨勢,同時也驗證了我國貧富不均問題的嚴重性。行政院副院長陳冲日前為此特別召開了「改善所得分配專案小組會議」,並提出洋洋灑灑的七大策略方向,包括擴大內需、平衡區域發展、增加就業水準、強化租稅效果、健全社會安全網、改善產業結構以及提升勞動生產力等。但矛盾的是,所有與會的財經部會首長似乎都「搬出」各種理由,竭盡所能的為貧富差距惡化消毒,也為馬總統日前所說「台灣其實表現不算太差」的話擦屁股。果如這些首長所言,台灣的所得分配不均問題並不嚴重,那行政院何必還大張旗鼓的成立「專案小組」?無怪乎其所提出「改善所得分配」的七大策略,看起來倒比較像是「提升經濟發展」的七大方案。
我們並不是反對政府以促進經濟發展、增加就業、提高所得等來解決「貧窮」問題,而是提醒政府應更關心「貧富」差距擴大的事實,因為分配的公平正義是維繫社會安定的主要基石。不論如何擴大內需或改善產業結構,在全球化與老人化的兩大趨勢下,分配不均的惡果絕對無法避免,政府應該有充分的準備與責任,透過制度改革來面對與解決這個問題。換言之,不論政府干預前的所得分配有多不公或不均,在政府透過社會福利措施與租稅手段干預後,社會所得分配一定要能產生有效的均化改善效果。從上述主計處的調查報告可知,政府移轉因素加入之後,98年所得差距自8.22倍降為6.34倍,顯示政府政策對所得分配的影響效果的確很大。但其中九成以上都是來自於社會福利支出的貢獻,租稅所發揮的重分配效果不及一成。由此可見,我國稅制促進公平功能的微弱與不足,亟需政府大力反省與改革。
克魯曼認為幫富人減稅證明了美國「政治文化不但已經失常,而且嚴重腐朽」,此外,還是政客「欺騙與不誠實」的行為。台灣的兩個政黨,只要執政即為富人減稅的做法,亦反映出同樣的政治墮落與官僚謊話。我們希望現有的財經官員在為所得分配惡化消毒的同時,先去看看國民黨上台前是如何指責與抨擊民進黨政府的。做了這麼多幫富人減稅的事,政府最起碼要有承認的勇氣,請不要再幫自己圓謊了。
Now That’s Rich
By Paul Krugman
We need to pinch pennies these days. Don’t you know we have a budget deficit? For months that has been the word from Republicans and conservative Democrats, who have rejected every suggestion that we do more to avoid deep cuts in public services and help the ailing economy.
But these same politicians are eager to cut checks averaging $3 million each to the richest 120,000 people in the country.
What — you haven’t heard about this proposal? Actually, you have: I’m talking about demands that we make all of the Bush tax cuts, not just those for the middle class, permanent.
Some background: Back in 2001, when the first set of Bush tax cuts was rammed through Congress, the legislation was written with a peculiar provision — namely, that the whole thing would expire, with tax rates reverting to 2000 levels, on the last day of 2010.
Why the cutoff date? In part, it was used to disguise the fiscal irresponsibility of the tax cuts: lopping off that last year reduced the headline cost of the cuts, because such costs are normally calculated over a 10-year period. It also allowed the Bush administration to pass the tax cuts using reconciliation — yes, the same procedure that Republicans denounced when it was used to enact health reform — while sidestepping rules designed to prevent the use of that procedure to increase long-run budget deficits.
Obviously, the idea was to go back at a later date and make those tax cuts permanent. But things didn’t go according to plan. And now the witching hour is upon us.
So what’s the choice now? The Obama administration wants to preserve those parts of the original tax cuts that mainly benefit the middle class — which is an expensive proposition in its own right — but to let those provisions benefiting only people with very high incomes expire on schedule. Republicans, with support from some conservative Democrats, want to keep the whole thing.
And there’s a real chance that Republicans will get what they want. That’s a demonstration, if anyone needed one, that our political culture has become not just dysfunctional but deeply corrupt.
What’s at stake here? According to the nonpartisan Tax Policy Center, making all of the Bush tax cuts permanent, as opposed to following the Obama proposal, would cost the federal government $680 billion in revenue over the next 10 years. For the sake of comparison, it took months of hard negotiations to get Congressional approval for a mere $26 billion in desperately needed aid to state and local governments.
And where would this $680 billion go? Nearly all of it would go to the richest 1 percent of Americans, people with incomes of more than $500,000 a year. But that’s the least of it: the policy center’s estimates say that the majority of the tax cuts would go to the richest one-tenth of 1 percent. Take a group of 1,000 randomly selected Americans, and pick the one with the highest income; he’s going to get the majority of that group’s tax break. And the average tax break for those lucky few — the poorest members of the group have annual incomes of more than $2 million, and the average member makes more than $7 million a year — would be $3 million over the course of the next decade.
How can this kind of giveaway be justified at a time when politicians claim to care about budget deficits? Well, history is repeating itself. The original campaign for the Bush tax cuts relied on deception and dishonesty. In fact, my first suspicions that we were being misled into invading Iraq were based on the resemblance between the campaign for war and the campaign for tax cuts the previous year. And sure enough, that same trademark deception and dishonesty is being deployed on behalf of tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans.
So, for example, we’re told that it’s all about helping small business; but only a tiny fraction of small-business owners would receive any tax break at all. And how many small-business owners do you know making several million a year?
Or we’re told that it’s about helping the economy recover. But it’s hard to think of a less cost-effective way to help the economy than giving money to people who already have plenty, and aren’t likely to spend a windfall.
No, this has nothing to do with sound economic policy. Instead, as I said, it’s about a dysfunctional and corrupt political culture, in which Congress won’t take action to revive the economy, pleads poverty when it comes to protecting the jobs of schoolteachers and firefighters, but declares cost no object when it comes to sparing the already wealthy even the slightest financial inconvenience.
So far, the Obama administration is standing firm against this outrage. Let’s hope that it prevails in its fight. Otherwise, it will be hard not to lose all faith in America’s future.
不該再幫富人減稅了
我們最近必須節衣縮食。難道你不知道我們已經面臨預算赤字?過去幾個月以來,共和黨人與部分保守民主黨人一直這麼說。他們一再反對我們必須採取更多具體行動,以免公共服務大幅縮水,同時促使疲弱弊經濟回春的主張。
然而同一批政客也急著為全美最富有的12萬人簽結額度平均高達300萬美元的支票。什麼,你不曾聽過這個主張?事實上,你曾經聽過。我說的是我們應該落實布希時代減稅方案的要求,不只是為中產階級減稅,而且是永久減稅。
相關的背景說明如下。2001年,第一套布希減稅方案在國會強行通過時,法案附帶一項特殊條款:全部的規定將於2010年的最後一天屆滿作廢,稅率回到2000年的水平。
為何設定這個期限?部分原因是,可用以掩飾減稅在財政上的不負責任。以此為界,足以降低減稅的表面成本,因為這種成本通常以10年為一期計算。它同時使布希政府得以利用妥協的手段通過減稅─是的,當民主黨循同樣的程序通過健改法案時,共和黨人強烈指責─另外又得以迴避旨在遏止以相同程序增加長期預算赤字的法規。
背後的動機顯然是把日期延後,使減稅產生永久性。然而事態並未按照原先的規畫發展。現在,我們面臨不可預測的最後時刻。
現在的選擇是什麼?歐巴馬政府有意保留原減稅方案中,對中產階級有利的部分。這部分的成本原已很高,然而歐巴馬政府同時又試圖使僅對極高所得群有利的條款如期屆滿。在部分保守民主黨人的支持下,共和黨人試圖保留全部。
共和黨人可能如願以償。這證明,我們的政治文化不但已經失常,而且嚴重腐朽。
危險是什麼?超黨派機構「租稅政策中心」指出,如果布希減稅方案變成永久性,聯邦政府未來10年將失去6,800億美元的稅收。民主黨歷經數月的艱苦協商,才勉強促使國會通過總額僅260億美元的州及地方政府緊急財政援助法案。
前述6,800億美元將流向何處?幾乎全數流向年收入超過50萬美元的最富1%美國人的手中。租稅政策中心表示,多數的減稅好處將由這1%的富人中,最富裕的0.1%享有。隨機挑選1,000名美國人,選出其中收入最高的一人,他將享有這群人的多數減稅優惠。這群極少數的幸運兒,最貧者的年收入超過200萬美元,全體的年平均收入超過700萬美元。未來10年,這些少數幸運兒將享有平均300萬美元的減稅好處。
在政客言必稱關切預算赤字的此時此刻,這種贈送如何說得過去?歷史會重複。最初的布希減稅宣傳有賴欺騙與不誠實。事實上,我最初懷疑我們因為受到誤導而入侵伊拉克的根據是,出兵前的宣傳與前一年的減稅宣傳非常近似。當然,同樣的欺騙與不誠實再度出現,目的是為最富有的美國人減稅。
有人會說這一切對小企業有利,然而事實上,只有極少數的小企業可以享有減稅。你所知每年賺進數百萬美元的小企業老闆有多少人?
有些人或者說,這有助於美國經濟復甦。然而把好處送給富人可能是成本效益最低落的經濟復甦之策。
這與健全的經濟政策無關。誠如我所說,背後是失常又腐朽的政治文化。在這種環境下,國會不願採取任何足以振興經濟的具體行動,談到保障教師與消防隊員的飯碗時,一味喊窮,卻在為最富階級消除最輕微的財務不便時,聲稱成本不是問題。
截至目前為止,歐巴馬政府對這種惡行採取堅定對抗的立場。但願它能夠堅持到底,並獲得最後勝利。否則,我們將很難不失去對美國前途的一切信心。
原文參照:
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/opinion/23krugman.html
2010-08-24/經濟日報/A5版/國際焦點 陳世欽譯
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